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Introduction
It goes without saying that the understanding and practical application of management theories are immeasurably essential for the success of any organization or company. In general, management theories may be defined as specific concepts that surround appropriate management practices and may include particular tools, such as guidelines and frameworks for their implementation in modern organizations. As a matter of fact, executives traditionally do not rely on a single management theory but introduce multiple concepts of various management theories that will be more suitable for their companys culture and workforce. The practical implementation of a particular theory or its combination defines the organizations processes, practices, and behavior to a great extent. The purpose of this paper is to define major management theories that remain relevant and analyze the management strategies and system processes and practices of The Coca-Cola Company on the basis of its correspondence with the theories of management. In addition, this work includes the investigation of the companys changes and their consequences.
Companys Background
The Coca-Cola Company is one of the biggest international beverage companies in the world. It evolved from the creation of the first Coca-Cola drink in 1886 that was served at Jacobs Pharmacy in Atlanta by Dr. John Pemberton ( Our company, n.d.). In the present day, the companys mission is to craft the brands and choice of drinks that people love, to refresh them in body and spirit ( Purpose and vision, n.d., para. 1). In addition, Coca-Cola aims to develop a sustainable business that contributes to the improvement of peoples lives.
The Coca-Cola Company may be regarded as a consumer-centric brand that has shifted its focus from the companys demands to the customers expectations and preferences. It currently offers a large variety of drinks of more than 500 brands that include sparkling and still water, fruit juices, milk, teas and coffees, and plant-based and organic drinks ( In our products, n.d.). In addition, the companys complex approach to meeting the standards of sustainability and peoples changing tastes includes:
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The reduction of calories and sugar across the majority of brands;
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The introduction of new drinks with health benefits such as nutrition and hydration;
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The availability of small and more convenient packages in order to help consumers control sugar more efficiently;
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The provision of clear and available calorie information for individuals informed decision-making.
Although the Coca-Cola Company implies a global business, it operates in every community on a local scale as well. It has an opportunity to create global reach with local focus due to the strength of its organizational system which includes cooperation with almost 230 bottling partners worldwide ( The Coca-Cola system, n.d.). The system of the company operates through a substantial number of local channels, and the primary step of production is the manufacturing of beverage bases, concentrates, and syrups by Coca-Cola and their subsequent selling for bottling operations ( The Coca-Cola system, n.d.). In turn, bottling partners produce, package, distribute, and merchandise final branded beverages to vending partners and customers.
The companys main strategy may be defined as the globalization of its products in contrast with the creation of local structures in the countries of its operation. The regional departments of The Coca-Cola Company focus on peoples demands and aim to connect with consumers through the evaluation of their perceptions, attitudes, tastes, and lifestyles. In addition, Coca-Cola is not only a customer-oriented company that concentrates on its income through the satisfaction of peoples demands but the company that aims to improve life in developing countries. For instance, RAIN, The Coca-Cola Foundations flagship African community program, was established in order to help Africa achieve the goals of the United Nations Sustainable Development on sanitation and clean water access ( Replenish Africa initiative (RAIN), n.d.). In general, RAIN makes considerable investments to improve African peoples lives through multiple water-based initiatives that include the promotion of the sustainable and efficient use of water and hygiene behaviors for health improvement and economic development.
Management Theories
In the present day, management guidelines are required to meet the markets modern expectations, satisfy the publics demands, increased productivity, and provide quality in order to achieve success. These common guidelines may be applied by various types of organizations in the context of their motivation terms from the management. In general, the understanding of management theories is highly essential for efficient performance as it helps individuals to do business in a defined and structured manner since their strategies will be very clear and conceptually correct (Kitana, 2016, p. 17). As management is a science that dates back to centuries, throughout the history, several management theories were formed on the basis of multiple organizations experiences and research (Kitana, 2016, p. 17). According to a widely accepted classification, management theories include classical, neo-classical, and modern management.
Classical Management Theory
The classical theory of management frequently called traditional management theory may be regarded as the oldest scientific management theory. It was developed during the 19th and 20th centuries due to the appearance of the factory system of manufacturing that created multiple issues for the management (Kitana, 2016). Executives faced new business processes that were not encountered earlier. However, these processes are related to the organization of manufacturing units, tools, and raw materials, the selection and recruitment of employees, and their training are inevitably required to be managed properly. In general, the classical management theory may be characterized by the following general features:
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This theory provides the foundation for subsequent management theories, especially the modern theory of management;
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It develops specific management principles that should apply to all types of organizations;
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According to the classical management theory, employees have substantial economic needs that may be satisfied through relative financial incentives;
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Traditional theory attempts to find and apply strategies that will help to increase the workers output;
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The theory underlines the significance of work schedules and formal structure to satisfy both organizational and individual needs;
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It defines an organization as a closed system that does not interact with its external environment.
The necessity of managers to solve arising problems and find essential solutions resulted in the formation of three subfields within the classical theory administrative principles, bureaucratic organization, and scientific management (Kitana, 2016, p. 17). Administrative principles focus on the organizations general productivity and control over operations at its high levels. Henri Fayol may be regarded as the founder and father of the classical management school, and his contribution to the managerial behaviors systematic approach is highly appreciated up to the present day (Kitana, 2016, p. 18). In opposition to the common perception that successful managers and leaders are born, Fayol clearly stated that management is a particular skill that may be learned by almost any individual (Kitana, 2016). Management implies organizing, planning, commanding, controlling, and coordinating. Before obtaining experience and specific knowledge, a competent leader should be physically healthy, accept responsibility, and has general knowledge and an ability to analyze information critically. In addition, the theorist formulated the following major principles of management:
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Division of work. Employees with specific position-oriented specialties may work more efficiently and in an orderly manner (Kitana, 2016);
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Discipline. Employees should respect colleagues and obey orders and instructions given by managers.
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Authority. Managers should balance between the authority and the allocation of work (Kitana, 2016, p. 18);
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Unity of command. In addition to the previous principles, orders should be given from one manager instead of multiple supervisors in order to avoid miscommunication and chaos;
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Unity of direction. All functions of an organization should be handled according to the unidirectional plan by one manager. There will be the potential risk of failure if a company is managed by two individuals with opposite views. For instance, two HR managers with completely different recruitment policies will have a highly negative impact on the formation of personnel that will increase the companys productivity (Kitana, 2016).
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Centralization. According to Fayol, the manager should hold authoritative power due to which the efficiency and effectiveness of the company can be improved (Kitana, 2016, p. 19).
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The hierarchy. The organizations communication should follow the hierarchy for the establishment and support of an appropriate business system.
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Order. All materials required for the production, equipment and employees should be appropriately managed at the right time and in the right place (Kitana, 2016).
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Subordination of individual interests to the organizations common good. It goes without saying that organizational commitment and goals should inevitably take superiority over any persons goals and interests.
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Equity. Managers should treat all employees equally and fairly.
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Remuneration. A successful manager should follow the policy of fair remuneration and equal compensation between workers.
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Initiatives. The organizations performance and productivity may be improved through motivation from supervisors and managers.
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The staff stability. As high employee turnover negatively influences the companys goal achievement, it should be controlled.
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Team spirit. The individuals performance may be improved through communication between employees. In turn, teamwork always positively contributes to the companys success.
The theory of bureaucratic management included in the classical theory was formulated at the end of the 19th century by Max Weber, a German sociologist, philosopher, and economist (Kitana, 2016). The formulated theory emphasizes the significance of labor division, hierarchy, and strict rules within an organization. In general, the practical implementation of the bureaucratic theory is typical for companies with a large number of departments, offices, and employees. Their strength and efficient performance is determined by the executable set of regulations, policies, and rules combined with clearly defined authority and hierarchy (Kitana, 2016). As a matter of fact, there are considerable advantages of bureaucratic management that include the absence of overlapping duties, responsibilities, or job roles, consistent employee behavior, and the possibility to predict the general system behavior. In other words, workers are not confused about their assignments, and such orders definitely improve the companys productivity.
On the other hand, the main disadvantage of the bureaucracy system is the indifferent attitude of employees towards organizational processes due to the emphasis on positions rather than on humans. As bureaucracy expects conformity in behavior rather than performance, the personalization of workers does not exist and their professional growth, personal development, initiatives, and individual creativity are not encouraged (Kitana, 2016, p. 19). In addition, this system may be characterized by time-consuming paperwork that traditionally makes operations highly inefficient.
The last component of the classical management theory, scientific management, was developed at the beginning of the 20th century due to the expansion of technological and industrial centers (Kitana, 2016). In general, the scientific management theory implies the solution of managerial problems with the help of science. It concentrates on specific methods that may improve the effectiveness of workers performance and their productivity. To be precise, the theory underlines the necessity of work division, specialization, training of employees, and tangible incentives (Kitana, 2016). It focused on the most appropriate ways of doing a job and the elimination of operations that may result in the wastage of resources or workforce.
The founder of scientific management, Frederick W. Taylor introduced four main principles of his philosophy (Kitana, 2016):
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The methods of scientific management should be developed in order to decode the most suitable method for task performance;
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For the execution of a task, the most suitable from the position of specialization and responsible employees should be recruited;
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The workers scientific development and education are highly essential;
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Friendly cooperation between the labor and the management is required for effective performance.
In addition, Taylor emphasized that both the management and the labor should have common interests to remain high productivity that automatically results in higher profits for a company (Kitana, 2016, p. 18). The theorist conducted the research dedicated to management systems and their efficiency on the basis of the production-line time studies (Kitana, 2016). He segmented each job of steelworkers to define the appropriate number of employees and the best possible time required for performing a task without a substantial loss of quality (Kitana, 2016). In addition, Taylor analyzed the behavior of employees and discovered that they did not work at full capacity and their productivity was considerably low due to an inappropriate remuneration system. They received a fixed salary on a daily basis and had no motivation to work more or faster. That is why Taylor suggested increased payment for those workers who demonstrated higher productivity.
Neo-Classical Management Theory
In contrast with the traditional management theory that regards individuals as the instruments of production, the neo-classical management theory is more human-oriented. After the implementation of the classical theorys principles in practice. The results of performance and the workforces response were not highly positive. The analysis of these principles showed the theorys particular focus on the organizations mechanical side while the human side was ignored. In turn, the subsequent neo-classical management implies the replacement of a production-oriented approach with an employee-oriented approach and emphasizes the importance of multiple factors that may affect employees behavior within an organization (Kitana, 2016). It considers the employees internal reactions that may affect organizational behavior, as well. Moreover, according to the neoclassical theory of management, an organization may be defined as a social system with particular attention to the workers socio-psychological needs. At the same time, the remuneration of employees should not be limited by financial incentives people should feel satisfied with their work and know that their needs are respected by the management. In turn, managers adopt strong work relationships, job enrichment, and participative decision-making to improve the companys productivity and achieve organizational goals.
Modern Management Theory
While the traditional theory values the rational economic view and the neo-classical theory emphasizes the significance of the social person view, the modern theory of management focuses on the complex employee view (Kitana, 2016). As a matter of fact, any company implies a complex organization that consists of individuals with diverse potential, motives, needs, and aspirations. According to modern management, the individual characteristics of employees should be approached through custom-made principles rather than common which not only makes them fed up, but also lose their potentials (Kitana, 2016, p. 20). In addition, the modern management theory refuses the existence of a single managerial strategy that will be applicable to all workers at all times in any organization as every person has different motives and views. Moreover, new motives that inevitably affect the employees behavior may be gained as people are subsequently exposed to work experience. That is why managers should apply different strategies for different workers at different times.
In general, the strategies of modern management include contingency and systems approaches. In the contingency approach developed by researchers, consultants, and managers, an executive is expected to find the appropriate technique that suits the situation under particular circumstances, and at a particular time for the best achievement of management goals (Kitana, 2016, p. 20). For instance, in the case of untrained or unskilled available labor, work simplification typical for traditional management will be the most appropriate solution. In turn, in the presence of qualified professionals driven by their ambitions, a job-enrichment program of neo-classical theory will be considerably more efficient (Kitana, 2016). The contingency approach portrays various sets of organizational relationships, behaviors, and processes in their unique circumstances.
The systems approach views management as a unified system composed of interrelated parts rather than individual segments, and managers receive an opportunity to surveil an organization as a part of the large external environment (Kitana, 2016). According to this approach, managers are not supposed to confine to their department output as in traditional methods, but the organization as a whole as a mesh (Kitana, 2016, p. 20). That is why, for the achievement of organizational goals, constant communication with employees, representatives, other departments, and organizations is required. In other words, the systems approach focus on the importance of mutual efforts and business relationship webs.
In addition, the change observed at Coca-Cola can be viewed from the standpoint of several change management models that focus on a more practical aspect of introducing change into organizations. For instance, Kotters 8-Step Model should be applied to observe how change can be institutionalized in the companys setting. Implying that eight key stages should be passed before an organization introduces improvements to its design, Kotters model places a very heavy emphasis on the creation of a team that will launch the change. At Coca-Cola, the recognition of low job satisfaction was a sign of urgency, after which a guiding team was built. After developing the vision that involved a greater focus on employees needs, the firm communicated for buy-in and empowered action by introducing the contingency approach toward HRM (Hayes, 2018). With an increase in job satisfaction in each staff member representing short-term wins, the company managed not to let up and made the change stick, as Kotters Model suggested.
Another framework, the McKinsey 7S model can also be applied to analyze the change at Coca-Cola. Specifically, with shared values focusing on employee satisfaction and staff members needs, the company has managed to shape its structure, organize its systems, change its style, manage its staff, promote skill development, and create a new business strategy as McKinsey 7S model suggests (Hayes, 2018). Thus, the shift in corporate philosophy has led to major improvements.
In addition, the changes observed at Coca-Cola can be described with the help of Weisbords Six-Box Model. Suggesting that the process of change should be based on six cornerstone principles, the model allows noticing that Coca-Cola has altered its purposes, which allowed it to shape its structure and enhance relationships with staff members (Hayes, 2018). By deploying helpful mechanisms such as rewards and integrating Transformational Leadership into the business strategy, the company has managed to succeed in transitioning to a new phase.
The Burke-Litwin Casual Model can also serve as a tool for describing the alterations in Coca-Colas organizational context. Based on a much more intricate combination of components than the previous models, the Burke-Litwin Casual Model allows connecting the external environment with the rates of individual performance in an organization (Hayes, 2018). Using the specified tool, one will notice that Coca-Cola has managed to implement a new framework for building job satisfaction owing to a smart plan for incorporating leadership and management practices to coordinate the new corporate structure with its goals and the suggested approach toward managing human resources.
Finally, Klofstens Business Platform Model exemplifies the framework that suggests studying the efficacy of organizational performance through the analysis of group interactions. In McDonalds case, the present business idea and the current strategies for product development, as well as the established definition of the market, were aligned with a new, employee-oriented way of looking at the development of the organization (Hayes, 2018). As a result, group commitment, customer relationships, and employee-manager relationships were improved significantly, which led to a rise in job satisfaction rates.
What unifies the models mentioned above is the opportunity that they provide for sustaining change in the organizational setting. The specified opportunity s particularly valuable in the environment of the global market. Therefore, by applying the suggested frameworks to the analysis of changes within Coca-Cola, one will be able to fully grasp their meaning and appreciate their effects.
The Coca-Cola Companys Management
It goes without saying that the performance of The Coca-Cola Company at the international level determines its management strategies to a great extent. In general, the company applies the modern management theory that implies the combination of rational economic and social person views for the achievement of corporate goals. It follows the model of decentralization within centralization with the global headquarters that defines the companys global values, processes, strategies, and departments divided into geographical territories and regions. The success of the companys organizing function is determined by the incorporation of employees with common duties and professional skills into groups in order to avoid substantial redundancies in working processes and establish functional autonomy.
Moreover, the organizing function follows cross-functional reporting and the strategy of five direct reports. In other words, the companys functional heads and managers report both to country heads and divisional heads, and an employee cannot have more than five reporting subordinates. In addition, the organizational structure of Coca-Cola is characterized by the absence of redundant layers and free information flow within the company without blockages caused by bureaucratic mindsets and communication gaps. Finally, regional managers are provided with a considerably high degree of organizational autonomy and decision-making in relation to the departments local needs. Due to these strategies, The Coca-Cola Company promotes complex and comprehensive cooperation within the organization and underlines the significance of subordination and hierarchy. At the same time, the hierarchy may be regarded as relatively limited for employees freedom of creativity and job satisfaction.
It goes without saying that The Coca-Cola Company emphasizes the importance of corporate culture and employees job satisfaction. In general, according to its vision, the inclusion and diversity of its workers as a highly essential part of its success are at the heart of its growth strategy and general values ( Diversity and inclusion, n.d.). Coca-Cola implements the strategy of employees remarkable diversity in order to achieve its purpose of refreshing the world and making a difference ( Diversity and inclusion, n.d., para. 1). It creates an inclusive workplace and a diverse workforce and identifies them as its strategic business priority to foster innovation, creativity, and connection to multiple communities across the world. According to Lori George Billingsley, The Coca-Cola Companys Chief Diversity and Inclusion Officer, the creation of an inclusive culture where employees take part in discussions concerning the improvement of the companys processes and strategies is immeasurably essential ( A Q&A with Lori George Billingsley, 2019). In addition, the companys management respects the right of people to express their opinions and considers their needs and demands.
At the same time, Coca-Cola applies the principles of the contingency approach in relation to human resources as people across the world have different sources of motivation. In general, the corporate culture that includes team relations and the work environment has a substantial impact on employee engagement and employee performance (Maisoni, et al., 2018). At the same time, in other regional departments of the company, organizational culture does not have any significant effect on employee engagement (Maisoni, et al., 2018). In other words, with the development of organizational culture, the attachment of workers changes insignificantly. At the same time, these workers may be strongly motivated by leadership and compensation. That is why, the managers of particular departments focus on the improvement of working conditions, while the managers of other departments encourage employees with incentives to stimulate their productivity and increase their engagement.
Companys Changes
It goes without saying that changes in the systems, strategies, structures and practices of the majority of companies across the globe are inevitable as previously adapted reforms become outdated and inefficient. As a matter of fact, organizational changes are complex, affect various parts of the company, and require the evaluation of its capacity for these changes. In addition, the successful implementation of changes is impossible without the agreement of motivated workers. Taking into consideration the existence of three basic categories of organizational change, it is possible to conclude that for The Coca-Cola Company, changes in the relationships between the organization and its external environment and the changes in relationships between the organization and its customers are the most meaningful. The company currently focuses on more interaction with customers, especially with the use of modern technologies including social networks, in order to meet their expectations. In turn, changes required by the changing environment affect the companys internal processes and corporate culture. The changes in The Coca-Cola Company may be divided into external and internal.
In general, external changes are determined by the pressure of changing standards of health and the societys culture. That is why, in the present day, Coca-Cola supports the recommendations of the World Health Organization and other leading health authorities concerning the limitation of peoples daily intake of added sugar ( New business strategy to focus on choice, convenience, and the consumer, 2017). In 2017, according to the companys change strategy, it reduced sugar in more than 500 beverages all over the world adding to the 30 percent of more than 3,900 beverages that already fall into the low or no-sugar category ( New business strategy to focus on choice, convenience, and the consumer, 2017, para. 8). Moreover, following the modern requirements for sustainability, Coca-Cola collects and recycles its cans and bottles, makes all packaging fully recyclable, and plans to reduce its carbon emissions in the future. In addition to the pressure of sustainability, global corporations are currently expected to use their opportunities in order to improve peoples lives. In cooperation with local and international partners, the Coca-Cola Company established programs to empower youth and women, promote hygiene behaviors in developing countries, improve water management, and provide community access to clean water.
Internal changes in the company are directly connected with the changes in its management that imply a specific strategy of shifting an organization and its workers from an existing stage of development to an improved position in the future. Management changes may include the implementation of innovative marketing strategies that will form the understanding of leadership styles and facilitate communication within the organization to avoid misunderstanding and promote employees resilience. Specific changes should be implemented to increase the employees job satisfaction on the basis of their needs and expectations and improve the coordination of teams and peoples training to provide the companys long-term performance. Internal changes may be affected by external factors as well. Customers currently require products that may meet their health and fitness needs and be environmentally friendly. With the use of its managerial strategies, the Coca-Cola Company is changing its corporate culture according to the changing impact of the international beverage industry to increase its productivity and face competition.
Management theories are specific concepts that surround appropriate management practices and may include particular tools, such as guidelines and frameworks for their implementation in modern organizations. The understanding and practical application of management theories are immeasurably essential for the success of any organization or company as they define the organizations processes, practices, and behavior to a great extent. In the present day, the guidelines of management theories are required to meet the markets modern expectations, satisfy the publics demands, increased productivity, and provide quality services or products.
According to a widely accepted classification, management theories include classical, neo-classical, and modern management. Classical management theory focus on the companys productivity and view employees as its sources. It attempts to find and apply strategies that will help to increase the workers output, underlines the significance of work schedules and formal structure to satisfy both organizational and individual needs, and defines an organization as a closed system that does not interact with its external environment. In contrast with the traditional management theory that regards individuals as the instruments of production, the neo-classical management theory is more human-oriented. It defines an organization as a social system with particular attention to the workers socio-psychological needs. Finally, while the traditional theory values the rational economic view and the neo-classical theory emphasizes the significance of the soci
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